The Association Of Sugar Intake And Death Essay Paper
Homework 4 1. A study investigating the association of added sugar intake with allcause mortality (death due to any cause) followed-up 300,000 men (age range 50-71) for 10 years. All-cause mortality was ascertained by linkage to the National Death Index. Daily added sugar intake was estimated at baseline from food frequency questionnaires (selfreported frequency and amount of regularly consumed foods). Based on the reported amount of added sugar consumed, the participants were divided into three groups (or tertiles) labeled T1, T2, and T3. Hint: the groups have the same denominator. Note that represents men who consumed the least amount of added sugar per day and T3 represents the highest amount of added sugar. After the ten year follow up the number of death were recorded as follows (assume no missing information): Set up two tables for the association of sugar intake and death where is considered the referent group. Hint: is the exposed group in the first table and in the second one For each of these two tables calculate and interpret the RR and corresponding Are the results statistically significant? Explain. The Association Of Sugar Intake And Death Essay Paper
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Step 1/3
The two 2×2 tables for the association of sugar intake and death are as follows:
Table 1: T2 (exposed) vs. T1 (referent)
Died Survived Total
T2 9,000 291,000 300,000
T1 6,000 294,000 300,000
Total15,000 585,000 600,000
Table 2: T3 (exposed) vs. T1 (referent)
Died Survived Total
T3 15,000 285,000 300,000
T1 6,000 294,000 300,000
Total 21,000 579,000 600,000
Step 2/3
To calculate the relative risk (RR) for each table, we can use the formula:
RR = (a/b) / (c/d)
- Explanation for step 2
where a is the number of deaths in the exposed group, b is the number of non-deaths in the exposed group, c is the number of deaths in the referent group, and d is the number of non-deaths in the referent group.
For Table 1 (T2 vs. T1), the RR is:
RR = (9,000/291,000) / (6,000/294,000) = 1.5
Step 3/3
The 95% confidence interval (CI) for the RR can be calculated using the formula:
CI = exp(ln(RR) ± 1.96 x SE)
- Explanation for step 3
where SE is the standard error of the natural logarithm of the RR, which can be calculated using the formula:
SE = sqrt((1/a) + (1/b) + (1/c) + (1/d))
For Table 1, the SE is:
SE = sqrt((1/9,000) + (1/291,000) + (1/6,000) + (1/294,000)) = 0.019
Therefore, the 95% CI for the RR in Table 1 is:
CI = exp(ln(1.5) ± 1.96 x 0.019) = (1.44, 1.57)
This means that men in T2 had a 1.5 times higher risk of all-cause mortality compared to men in T1, and the true RR is likely to be between 1.44 and 1.57 with 95% confidence The Association Of Sugar Intake And Death Essay Paper
For Table 2 (T3 vs. T1), the RR is:
RR = (15,000/285,000) / (6,000/294,000) = 2.5
The SE for Table 2 is:
SE = sqrt((1/15,000) + (1/285,000) + (1/6,000) + (1/294,000)) = 0.023
Therefore, the 95% CI for the RR in Table 2 is:
CI = exp(ln(2.5) ± 1.96 x 0.023) = (2.38, 2.63)
This means that men in T3 had a 2.5 times higher risk of all-cause mortality compared to men in T1, and the true RR is likely to be between 2.38 and
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Final answer
In conclusion, the results of the study suggest that higher added sugar intake is associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality in men. The relative risks and confidence intervals calculated from the two 2×2 tables show that the risk of all-cause mortality was 1.5 times higher in men with moderate added sugar intake (T2) and 2.5 times higher in men with high added sugar intake (T3), compared to men with low added sugar intake (T1). The confidence intervals for both relative risks do not include 1, which indicates that the results are statistically significant and unlikely to be due to chance. However, it is important to note that this study only shows an association and cannot prove causality. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to explore the underlying mechanisms The Association Of Sugar Intake And Death Essay Paper