Question
As Nurses, we should understand different medication categories and nursing considerations while administering them.
Using the Know your drugs table, develop your bank of knowledge of the different categories of medications. For each medication given, write the pharmacodynamics and nursing considerations while administering these medications.
Category / Drug Name, Pharmacodynamics, Dosage (specify if for a certain indication), Nursing Consideration
1. Anesthetics
2.Analgesics / narcotics
3.Antacids
4.Antiseptics
5.Antianginals
6.Anxiolytics
7.Antiarrhythmics
8.Antibiotics
9.Anticholinergics
10.Anticoagulants
11.Anticonvulsants/ Antiepileptics
12.Antidepressants
13.Antidiarrhoeals
14.Antiemetics
15.Antifungals
16.Antihistamines/ Anti-inflammatories
17.Antihypertensives
18.Antipruritics
19.Antipsychotics/ Benzodiazepines
20.Parkinsons Medication/ Dopamine agonists
21,Betablockers
22.Bronchodilators
23.Diuretics
24.Hypnotics/ Sedatives
25.Oral Hypoglycaemic agents
26.Hormone therapy
27.Hypnotics/ Sedatives
28.Hypnotics/ Sedatives
29.Apperients/ Laxatives
30. Antiulcers/ Proton pump inhibitors
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- Anaesthetics: Pharmacodynamics: Anaesthetics are used to achieve unconsciousness, amnesia, and analgesia. They can be classified as general or local anaesthetics. General anaesthetics act on the brain and the central nervous system to produce a reversible loss of consciousness, while local anaesthetics produce a reversible loss of sensation in a specific area of the body. Pharmacodynamics and Nursing Considerations while Administering Medications Essay Discussion Paper
Explanation:
Nursing Consideration: Anaesthetics should be administered only by qualified and trained professionals in a well-equipped and monitored setting. The patient’s vital signs, airway, and level of consciousness should be closely monitored throughout the procedure and recovery.
2. Analgesics / Narcotics: Pharmacodynamics: Analgesics are drugs used to relieve pain. Narcotics, also known as opioids, are a class of analgesics that act on the central nervous system to decrease the sensation of pain. They can be classified as mild or strong opioids.
Explanation:
Nursing Consideration: Narcotics have a high potential for abuse and dependence. They should be administered with caution and the patient’s pain and response to the medication should be closely monitored. Patients may experience side effects such as sedation, respiratory depression, constipation, and nausea.
3. Antacids: Pharmacodynamics: Antacids are used to neutralize stomach acid to relieve symptoms of heartburn, indigestion, and acid reflux. They work by raising the pH of the stomach contents, reducing the amount of acid that comes into contact with the esophagus.
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Explanation:
Nursing Consideration: Antacids should be taken as directed, and not for more than 2 weeks unless directed by a healthcare provider. Patients should be advised to avoid taking antacids with other medications as they can interfere with absorption. Long-term use of antacids can lead to electrolyte imbalances and should be monitored.
4. Antiseptics: Pharmacodynamics: Antiseptics are used to prevent or treat infection in wounds, burns, and other skin injuries. They work by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Explanation:
Nursing Consideration: Antiseptics should be used as directed and not applied to large areas of the body. Patients should be instructed on proper wound care and advised to seek medical attention if signs of infection develop.
5. Antianginals: Pharmacodynamics: Antianginals are used to relieve chest pain associated with angina by dilating the blood vessels to increase blood flow to the heart.
Explanation:
Nursing Consideration: Patients should be monitored for signs of hypotension, dizziness, and headache. Patients with a history of heart failure or liver or kidney disease may require lower doses of antianginals.
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6. Anxiolytics: Pharmacodynamics: Anxiolytics are used to treat anxiety and related disorders by depressing the central nervous system activity.
Explanation:
Nursing Consideration: Patients should be monitored for signs of sedation, dizziness, and respiratory depression. Anxiolytics should be used with caution in patients with a history of substance abuse or dependence.
7. Antiarrhythmics: Pharmacodynamics: Antiarrhythmics are used to treat and prevent abnormal heart rhythms by slowing the heart rate, regulating the heart rhythm and relaxing the heart muscle.
Explanation:
Nursing Consideration: Patients should be monitored for signs of hypotension, dizziness, and arrhythmias. Patients with a history of heart failure or liver or kidney disease may require lower doses of antiarrhythmics.
8. Antibiotics: Pharmacodynamics: Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria.
Explanation:
Nursing Consideration: Patients should take antibiotics as directed, and for the full duration of the prescription to prevent the development
9. Anticholinergics: Pharmacodynamics: Anticholinergics block the effects of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which leads to a decrease in smooth muscle contraction, secretions, and pupil dilation.
Explanation:
Nursing considerations: Anticholinergics can cause side effects such as dry mouth, urinary retention, and constipation. They should be used with caution in patients with a history of glaucoma, urinary retention, or gastrointestinal obstruction.
10. Anticoagulants: Pharmacodynamics: Anticoagulants work to prevent the formation of blood clots by inhibiting clotting factors or platelet aggregation.
Explanation:
Nursing considerations: Anticoagulants increase the risk of bleeding and should be used with caution in patients with bleeding disorders or a history of bleeding. Dosages must be carefully monitored to prevent hemorrhage.
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11. Anticonvulsants Antiepileptics: These medicines act on the central nervous system to help or control seizures.
Explanation:
They may work by adding the exertion of inhibitory neurotransmitters or dwindling the exertion of excitatory neurotransmitters. exemplications include phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, and gabapentin. Nursing considerations include covering for signs of toxin, similar as dizziness, doziness, and confusion. Cases should also be advised to avoid driving or operating heavy ministry.
12. Antidepressants : These medicines are used to treat depression by altering situations of neurotransmitters in the brain.
Explanation:
exemplications include picky serotonin reuptake impediments( SSRIs), tricyclic antidepressants( TCAs), and monoamine oxidase impediments( MAOIs). Nursing considerations include covering for signs of suicidal creativity, especially in youngish cases, as well as covering for side goods similar as dry mouth, constipation, and sexual dysfunction.
13. Antidiarrhoeals : These medicines are used to treat diarrhea by decelerating down bowel motility. exemplications include loperamide and diphenoxylate with atropine. Nursing considerations include covering for signs of constipation or ileus, especially in cases with a history of bowel inhibition.
14. Antiemetics : These medicines are used to treat nausea and vomiting. exemplications include ondansetron, metoclopramide, and promethazine. Nursing considerations include covering for side goods similar as doziness, dizziness, and extrapyramidal symptoms( especially with metoclopramide).
15. Antifungals: These medicines are used to treat fungal infections. exemplications include fluconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericinB. Nursing consideration
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16. Antihistamines,Anti-inammatories : These medicines are used to treat disinclinations and inammation.
Explanation:
exemplications include diphenhydramine, loratadine, and ibuprofen. Nursing considerations include covering for side goods similar as doziness( especially with diphenhydramine) and gastrointestinal bleeding( especially with ibuprofen).
17. Antihypertensives: These medicines are used to treat high blood pressure. exemplications include angiotensin- converting enzyme( ACE) impediments, beta- blockers, and calcium channel blockers.
Explanation:
Nursing considerations : include covering blood pressure and heart rate, as well as covering for side goods similar as cough( especially with ACE impediments) and dizziness( especially with calcium channel blockers).
18. Antipruritics These medicines are used to treat itching. exemplications include hydroxyzine and topical corticosteroids. Nursing considerations include covering for signs of skin atrophy or thinning with topical corticosteroids.
19. Antipsychotics/ Benzodiazepines These medicines are used to treat psychosis and anxiety. exemplications include haloperidol, risperidone, and lorazepam. Nursing considerations include covering for side goods similar as extrapyramidal symptoms( especially with haloperidol) and respiratory depression( especially with lorazepam).
20. Parkinson’s drug/ Dopamine agonists These medicines are used to treat Parkinson’s complaint by replacing dopamine in the brain. exemplications include levodopa, pramipexole, and ropinirole. Nursing considerations include covering for side goods similar as dyskinesia( especially with levodopa) and visions( especially with dopamine agonists).
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21. Beta-blockers: These drugs block the effects of adrenaline on the heart, resulting in decreased heart rate and blood pressure.
Explanation:
They are used to treat high blood pressure, heart disease, and other conditions. Examples include atenolol, metoprolol, and propranolol. Nursing considerations include monitoring blood pressure and heart rate, as well as monitoring for side effects such as fatigue, dizziness, and bronchospasm (especially with non-selective beta-blockers).
22. Bronchodilators: These drugs relax the smooth muscles of the airways, resulting in increased airflow and improved breathing.
Explanation:
They are used to treat respiratory conditions such as asthma and COPD. Examples include albuterol, salmeterol, and ipratropium. Nursing considerations include monitoring for side effects such as tremors, tachycardia, and hypokalemia (especially with high-dose or long-term use).
23. Diuretics: These drugs increase the excretion of salt and water from the body, resulting in decreased fluid volume and blood pressure.
Explanation:
They are used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and other conditions. Examples include furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide, and spironolactone. Nursing considerations include monitoring for electrolyte imbalances (especially hypokalemia), dehydration, and signs of renal dysfunction.
24. Hypnotics/ Sedatives: These drugs induce sleep or relaxation and are used to treat insomnia, anxiety, and other conditions. Examples include zolpidem, lorazepam, and diazepam. Nursing considerations include monitoring for side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, and respiratory depression, as well as monitoring for signs of dependence or withdrawal.
25. Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: These drugs lower blood glucose levels and are used to treat type 2 diabetes. Examples include metformin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones. Nursing considerations include monitoring blood glucose levels, as well as monitoring for side effects such as hypoglycemia, gastrointestinal upset, and liver dysfunction.
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26. Hormone therapy: Hormone therapy involves the administration of hormones to address hormonal imbalances or deficiencies.
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Explanation:
The pharmacodynamics of hormone therapy depend on the specific hormone being administered. For example, estrogen therapy may help to reduce hot flashes and prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, while testosterone therapy may help to improve libido and muscle mass in men with low testosterone levels. Nursing considerations while administering hormone therapy include monitoring for adverse effects, such as blood clots, stroke, and breast cancer, and educating patients about the risks and benefits of treatment.
27. Hypnotics/Sedatives: Hypnotics and sedatives are medications that are used to promote sleep or reduce anxiety.
Explanation:
The pharmacodynamics of these medications involve their effects on the central nervous system, such as increasing the activity of GABA receptors to promote relaxation and reduce excitability. Nursing considerations while administering hypnotics/sedatives include monitoring for sedation and respiratory depression, especially in patients with respiratory or liver disease, and educating patients about the risks of dependence and withdrawal.
28. Benzodiazepines: Benzodiazepines are a type of hypnotic/sedative medication that are commonly used to treat anxiety and insomnia.
Explanation:
The pharmacodynamics of benzodiazepines involve their effects on GABA receptors in the brain, which results in sedation and reduced anxiety. Nursing considerations while administering benzodiazepines include monitoring for sedation and respiratory depression, assessing for signs of dependence and withdrawal, and educating patients about the potential for addiction and overdose.
29. Laxatives: Laxatives are medications that are used to promote bowel movements and relieve constipation.
Explanation:
The pharmacodynamics of laxatives depend on the specific medication being used, but generally involve increasing the water content or bulk of the stool to stimulate bowel motility. Nursing considerations while administering laxatives include monitoring for diarrhea and electrolyte imbalances, assessing for signs of dehydration, and educating patients about the importance of maintaining adequate hydration while using laxatives.
30.Antiulcers/Proton pump inhibitors: Antiulcer medications, such as proton pump inhibitors, are used to reduce the production of stomach acid and promote healing of ulcers in the stomach and duodenum.
Explanation:
The pharmacodynamics of proton pump inhibitors involve blocking the proton pumps in the gastric parietal cells, which results in reduced acid secretion. Nursing considerations while administering proton pump inhibitors include monitoring for adverse effects, such as diarrhea and headaches, assessing for drug interactions, and educating patients about the importance of taking the medication as prescribed and avoiding prolonged use without medical supervision.
Final answer
Antiulcer medicines, including proton pump impediments, are used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers and afliated conditions similar as gastroesophageal inux complaint( GERD). These medicines work by reducing the quantum of acid produced in the stomach.
Nursing considerations while administering these medicines include covering for adverse goods similar as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea, as well as checking for medicine relations with other species the case may be taking. It’s also important to educate the case . Pharmacodynamics and Nursing Considerations while Administering Medications Essay Discussion Paper